Course Content
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
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Development Economics: A Theoretical Overview
What do you mean by development
ECONOMIC GROWTH V/S DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH V/S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT : ITS MEARURING WAYS
Economic development is a process of development of Underdeveloped Countries
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT : ITS MEASURING WAYS
Economic Development-its measuring ways
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MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
Meaning of Economic Growth (Short Definition): Economic growth refers to the increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a specific period, typically measured by the rise in a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). It indicates the expansion of an economy’s capacity to produce and consume. Measurement of Economic Growth (Detailed Explanation): Economic growth is measured using various indicators and methods. The most commonly used metrics are: 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders during a specific period (usually quarterly or annually). Types of GDP Measurements: Nominal GDP: Measures GDP at current market prices without adjusting for inflation. Real GDP: Adjusts nominal GDP for inflation to reflect the true growth in output. Per Capita GDP: Divides GDP by the population to measure the average income per person, indicating living standards. 2. Gross National Product (GNP): Definition: GNP includes the value of goods and services produced by a country’s residents, regardless of whether the production takes place within or outside the country’s borders. Formula: GNP=GDP +Net income from abroadtext{GNP} = text{GDP} + text{Net income from abroad}GNP=GDP +Net income from abroad. 3. Growth Rate of GDP: Definition: The annual percentage change in GDP over time, which shows the rate at which the economy is growing. Formula: GDP Growth Rate=(GDP in Current Period−GDP in Previous Period GDP in Previous Period)×100text{GDP Growth Rate} = left(frac{text{GDP in Current Period} – text{GDP in Previous Period}}{text{GDP in Previous Period}}right) times 100GDP Growth Rate=(GDP in Previous Period GDP in Current Period−GDP in Previous Period)×100. 4. Productivity Measures: Definition: Measures growth in output per unit of labor or capital, indicating how efficiently resources are being utilized. Example: Labor Productivity = Output / Hours Worked. 5. Other Indicators: Industrial Production Index (IPI): Measures output in industrial sectors. Employment Rates: Indicates economic expansion if job creation aligns with growth. Consumption and Investment Trends: Higher consumer spending and investment reflect economic growth. Why GDP is the Most Common Measure: Comprehensive: Captures all goods and services within an economy. Comparable: Allows for easy comparison across countries and time periods. Widely Accepted: Used by governments, international organizations, and researchers. Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Growth: Ignores Distribution: GDP does not reflect income inequality. Non-Market Activities: Excludes unpaid labor and informal economy activities. Environmental Costs: Fails to account for resource depletion and pollution. Quality of Life: GDP growth doesn’t necessarily indicate improved well-being or happiness. For a holistic understanding, other metrics like the Human Development Index (HDI) or Green GDP are often used alongside GDP to measure economic progress.
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MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC WELFARE
Economic Welfare is a term related with Economic Development where key indicator are defining the major purpose i.e. whether economic development must be done with economic welfare or not
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ECONOMIC WELFARE
PER CAPITA INCOME MEASUREMENT ( DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS )
This topic relates to measurement of per capita income , total national income and total population
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PER CAPITA INCOME MEASUREMENT
PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
This topic relates to Modern methods of measuring economic development like PQLI and HDI , we shall discuss them both
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Physical Quality of Life Index
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
BEST METHOD OF MEASUREMENT WHETHER PQLI or HDI
THEORIES OF POPULATION
This topic includes the various theories related to Population in which Malthusian theory is the basic concept . with the passage of time , various economists have given different theories . that are included in this
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MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
Neo-Malthusianism Theory of Population
Optimum Population Theory
The Demographic Transition Theory of Population
Marxist Theory of Population
Boserup’s Theory of Population
Under Population Theory of Population
Carrying Capacity Theory of Population
Population Momentum Theory
Overpopulation and Resource Scarcity Theory of Population
CAPITAL FORMATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Capital formation is a critical concept in development economics, emphasizing the accumulation of capital assets to foster economic growth and development.
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CAPITAL FORMATION
DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT THEORIES
Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are employed in a sector than are actually needed to sustain its output, meaning the marginal productivity of the excess labour is zero or close to zero
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Nurksey’s Theory of Disguised Unemployment
Lewis Model of Disguised Unemployment
AMARTYA SEN’ S VIEWS DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT
Do Saving Potentials are the results of Disguised Unemployment ?
LEWIS MODEL OF UNLIMITED SUPPLY OF LABOUR
the Lewis model remains an essential tool for analysing the dynamics of economic development in dual-sector economies.
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Lewis Model with Unlimited Supply of Labour
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https://youtu.be/PxA6RE3d0t8?si=Q5gSTjD0K7Rsuv1c
DUALISM
The topic dualism includes the co-existence of modern sector with traditional sector , developed countries with underdeveloped countries , labour intensive techniques sector with capital intensive techniques sector
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Dualism : Meaning & Features
SOCIAL DUALISM
TECHNOLOGICAL DUALISM THEORY
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Big Push Theory
this theory explains the investment in all sectors of the economy
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BIG PUSH THEORY
Leibenstein’ s Critical Minimum Efforts Theory
This theory explains the investment in few sectors of the economy and by the process of investment all other sectors shall also develop
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Leibenstein’ s Critical Minimum Efforts Theory
BALANCED GROWTH THEORY
Balanced Growth theory is a collection of views of various economists like Prof. Nurksey , Lewis , Arthur Young , Stovasky and Rosenstein Rodan . this concepts explains the investment process in all sectors of the economy and its impact on various sectors .
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Balanced Growth Model
UNBALANCED GROWTH THEORY
This theory relates unbalancing the economy by investing in either social overhead capital sector or direct productivity sector . which shall automatically develop the another sector and increase in National income , productivity in all sectors and economic development .
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Unbalanced Growth Theory
ROSTOW’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
this topic relates the development phases of every countries whether developed or underdeveloped . he describes five stages of economic growth process .
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Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
Classical Model of Growth
The classical growth model emphasizes economic growth through capital accumulation, labor, and natural resources, highlighting diminishing returns and constraints from fixed resources. Technological progress offsets these limits, enhancing productivity. Developed by economists like Adam Smith and Malthus, the model underscores structural factors influencing growth and informs sustainable development strategies.
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CLASSICAL MODEL OF GROWTH
HARROD MODAR MODEL OF GROWTH
The Harrod-Domar Model explains economic growth based on savings and investment. Growth depends on the savings rate ( 𝑠 s) and the capital-output ratio ( 𝑘 k), which measures investment efficiency. The growth rate ( 𝑔 g) is given by 𝑔 = 𝑠 𝑘 g= k s ​ , meaning higher savings and lower 𝑘 k lead to faster growth. The model highlights the importance of savings and efficient investment for sustained growth but assumes a fixed relationship between capital and output, ignoring factors like technology, human capital, and institutions. It’s particularly relevant for understanding why developing countries struggle with low growth due to insufficient savings and inefficient use of resources.
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Harrod-Domar Model of Growth
ECONOMIC PLANNING
Economic planning in development economics is a strategic process where governments set goals and allocate resources to address challenges like poverty, unemployment, and inequality. It prioritizes sectors such as industrialization, agriculture, and infrastructure while focusing on sustainable development, self-reliance, and balanced regional growth. Through targeted interventions, planning aims to accelerate economic growth, reduce disparities, and create jobs. Challenges include resource constraints, inefficient implementation, and external shocks. Successful planning relies on effective governance, public participation, and international cooperation. Countries like South Korea and China showcase how comprehensive planning can transform economies, making it a crucial tool for sustainable and inclusive development.
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ECONOMIC PLANNING
PRICE MECHANISM IN ECONOMIC PLANNING
The price mechanism is the process by which prices are determined in a market economy through the interaction of supply and demand. It acts as a signal for both producers and consumers, guiding the allocation of resources efficiently. In economic planning, governments may intervene in the price mechanism through price controls, subsidies, or taxes to achieve specific developmental goals such as economic growth, income redistribution, and sustainability. While the price mechanism is effective in ensuring resource allocation, challenges like market failures, inflation, and unequal distribution may require government intervention to maintain stability and equity in developing economies.
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price mechanism in economic planning
CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE
The choice of technique refers to the decision-making process regarding the type of technology or production methods to be adopted in a developing economy. This choice often involves a trade-off between capital-intensive and labor-intensive techniques.
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CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE
Course Completion
So , Guys this course completes with different topics related to Development Economics . and their explanations. so if you guys require any further topic to be expand with kindly drop a message .Hope you enjoyed this. Thanks
Protected: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Optimum Population Theory

The Optimum Population Theory was proposed by Edwin Cannan in 1924. It presents a different perspective on the relationship between population and resources by suggesting that there is an “optimum population” size that maximizes per capita income and living standards. According to this theory, an optimum population is one that balances the use of resources with economic efficiency, ensuring the highest possible standard of living for the population.

Core Principles of the Optimum Population Theory

  1. Concept of Optimum Population:
    • The theory asserts that both overpopulation and underpopulation are detrimental to economic and social well-being.
    • If the population exceeds the optimum level, resources become strained, leading to reduced income and living standards. Conversely, if the population falls below the optimum level, resources may be underutilized, resulting in economic inefficiencies.
  2. Economic Efficiency:
    • The theory focuses on achieving economic efficiency by aligning population size with the productive capacity of resources and technology.
    • The optimum population ensures that resources are neither overexploited nor underutilized.
  3. Dynamic Nature:
    • The optimum population level is not static; it varies with changes in technology, economic conditions, and societal priorities.
    • Advances in technology, for example, can shift the optimum population level by increasing the productive capacity of resources.

Implications of the Optimum Population Theory

  • Policy Formulation: The theory provides a framework for policymakers to evaluate and address population-related challenges. For example, it can inform decisions on immigration, family planning, and economic development.
  • Sustainable Development: By emphasizing the balance between population size and resource availability, the theory aligns with contemporary goals of sustainable development.
  • Global Application: The concept of optimum population is applicable at both national and global levels, highlighting the need for cooperation in addressing population and resource issues.

Criticisms of the Optimum Population Theory

  1. Determining the Optimum Level:
    • Critics argue that it is challenging to determine the exact optimum population level due to the dynamic and complex nature of economic and social systems.
    • Variability in factors such as technological progress, cultural norms, and environmental conditions complicates the assessment.
  2. Ethical Concerns:
    • Efforts to achieve an optimum population may raise ethical issues, particularly if they involve coercive measures or infringe on individual rights.
    • There is also a risk of these policies disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations.
  3. Simplistic Assumptions:
    • Some critics contend that the theory’s focus on economic efficiency oversimplifies the multifaceted nature of human societies and their relationship with resources.
    • Factors such as cultural, social, and environmental considerations are often overlooked.
Conclusion

The Optimum Population Theory offers a valuable perspective on the relationship between population size and economic well-being. By emphasizing the importance of balance and efficiency, it provides a framework for addressing contemporary challenges related to population growth and resource management. However, its practical application requires careful consideration of ethical, social, and environmental factors to ensure equitable and sustainable outcomes.

 

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