The best
method to measure economic development depends on the specific aspect of
development you wish to capture. Both the Human Development Index (HDI)
and the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) are valuable, but they
have different strengths and limitations. Here’s an analysis:

1. Human Development Index (HDI)

• Components:
1. Life expectancy at birth
   (health).
2. Education (mean years of
   schooling and expected years of schooling).
3. Gross National Income (GNI)
   per capita (adjusted for purchasing power parity, PPP).

***(Gross National Income(GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a
country’s final income in a year divided by its population )

• Strengths:

• Broad Coverage: Captures health,
  education, and income dimensions, giving a holistic view of development.
• Income Dimension: Includes economic well-being
  (GNI per capita), which is crucial for assessing living standards.
• Global Comparability: Widely used by
  organizations like the UNDP, allowing consistent international
  comparisons.
• Dynamic Adjustments: Updated methodologies
  ensure it reflects contemporary priorities (e.g., inequality-adjusted
  HDI).
• Limitations:
• Simplification: Aggregates data into a
  single index, potentially obscuring disparities.
• Income Bias: Heavily influenced by
  GNI, potentially overemphasizing economic growth over social outcomes.
• Exclusion of Environmental
  Factors:
  Does not directly account for sustainability or ecological concerns.

2. PhysicalQuality of Life Index (PQLI)

• Components:
1. Life expectancy.
2. Infant mortality rate.
3. Basic literacy rate.
• Strengths:

• Focus on Basic Needs: Concentrates on
  fundamental human welfare, prioritizing health and education outcomes
  over income.
• Simplicity: Easy to calculate and
  interpret, making it accessible for developing countries with limited
  data.
• Direct Indicators: Focuses on tangible
  aspects of human well-being.
• Limitations:
• Exclusion of Income: Omits economic indicators
  like income or consumption, limiting its scope in capturing overall
  development.
• Outdated Framework: Developed in the 1970s,
  it does not address modern development concerns like inequality,
  environmental sustainability, or gender disparities.
• Narrow Scope: Focuses on basic outcomes
  without considering higher-level development factors like tertiary
  education or economic empowerment.

Comparison

Criterion	HDI	PQLI
Dimensions Covered	Health, education, income	Health, basic literacy, infant mortality
Economic Factors	Included	Excluded
Global Applicability	High	Limited
Modern Relevance	High	Moderate
Simplicity	Moderate	High

Which is Better?

• HDI is generally better for
  capturing broader aspects of development because it includes both social
  (health and education) and economic (income) dimensions. Its global
  acceptance and regular updates make it more relevant for contemporary
  analysis.
• PQLI is more suited for contexts
  where the focus is exclusively on basic human needs and income data is
  unreliable or irrelevant.

Why Choose HDI Over PQLI?

1. Comprehensive Scope: HDI provides a
   multidimensional perspective by combining economic and social indicators.
2. Modern Applicability: It reflects current
   development priorities, including inequality and gender disparities (via
   extensions like the Gender Development Index).
3. Policy Insights: HDI offers actionable
   insights for policymakers by highlighting areas needing improvement (e.g.,
   education vs. health vs. income).

In
summary, HDI is the more robust and widely applicable tool for measuring
economic development, while PQLI is useful in specific contexts
emphasizing basic needs.